Fort Norfolk was constructed between 1794 and 1809 as part of the first system of coastal fortifications authorized by President George Washington to protect American harbors. Strategically positioned on the Elizabeth River, it was designed to guard the port of Norfolk, a vital economic and naval asset. During the War of 1812, Fort Norfolk supported the area's defenses. The successful June 22, 1813 defense against the British assault occurred at Craney Island. After the war, the fort remained in use for various military purposes, including as a supply depot and an ordnance facility, and later as a district office for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District, Fort Norfolk history; Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Fort Norfolk historic-register documentation; Naval History and Heritage Command, Battle of Craney Island historical account